Selasa, 20 Mei 2014

5 Fakta HIV/AIDS


FAKTA HIV/AIDS


Kasus HIV/AIDS di Indonesia masih menjadi persoalan besar. Angkanya pun terus menunjukkan peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Data Kementerian Kesehatan pada Oktober 2013 menunjukkan, dari Juli sampai dengan September 2013 jumlah infeksi HIV baru yang dilaporkan sebanyak 10.203 kasus, sedangkan jumlah kasus baru AIDS yang dilaporkan sebanyak 1.983 kasus. Dari jumlah tersebut, kalangan remaja adalah salah satu kelompok dengan porsi cukup besar. Persentase kumulatif kasus di kalangan remaja memang tidak sebesar kelompok usia lainnya, namun tetap memerlukan perhatian besar.

Bahkan badan PBB untuk masalah anak, UNICEF menyatakan jumlah kematian HIV/AIDS di kalangan remaja di seluruh dunia meningkat hingga 50 persen antara tahun 2005 dan 2012 dan menunjukkan tren mengkhawatirkan. UNICEF menyebutkan, sekitar 71.000 remaja berusia antara 10 dan 19 tahun meninggal dunia karena virus HIV pada tahun 2005. Jumlah itu meningkat menjadi 110.000 jiwa pada tahun 2012.

Dari data tersebut tampak ancaman HIV/AIDS bagi remaja sungguh nyata. Ironisnya, sebagian besar remaja belum mengetahui secara menyeluruh soal penyakit mematikan ini. Bahkan di antara mereka menganggap, HIV sebagai penyakit yang tak berbahaya. Lebih parah lagi, banyak sekali pemahaman salah terkait HIV/AIDS.  Padahal dengan pemahaman dan edukasi yang tepat,  penularan dapat dicegah sehingga kematian akibat HIV/AIDS dapat ditekan.

Berikut ini adalah 5 fakta mengenai HIV/AIDS yang perlu dipahami, khususnya bagi  kalangan remaja :

1. HIV tidak pandang bulu 

 
Sejak epidemi HIV dimulai 25 tahun lalu, stereotipe yang beredar di masyarakat tentang penderita HIV yaitu para gay, pemakai narkoba dan para pekerja seks komersial lah yang mendapat label tersebut. Faktanya, semua orang bisa terkena HIV, dari usia tua, muda , kaya, miskin, wanita, pria, maupun anak – anak dan dari berbagai macam profesi.

2. Seks oral tak seaman yang diipikir


Oral seks seringkali dianggap sebagai cara “aman” melakukan hubungan seksual. Faktanya, berdasar penelitian,  cairan tubuh yang terinfeksi seperti semen dan sekresi vagina yang mengandung konsentrasi virus HIV tinggi bisa memasuki aliran darah melalui membran mukosa mulut.

3. Jangan cuma khawatir hamil


Banyak remaja percaya, satu – satunya risiko berhubungan seks tanpa proteksi adalah kehamilan. Karena itu dipakailah pil KB, oral seks dan ejakulasi di luar demi mencegah kehamilan. Padahal, banyak hal yang harus dikhawatirkan selain kehamilan, yakni adanya penyakit menular seksual (PMS) seperti sifilis, herpes, termasuk HIV yang bisa mengancam kehidupan.

4. Kadang orang tidak mengatakan sesungguhnya, dan kita tidak tahu kenyataannya.


Coba Anda pikir sejenak kalimat di atas. Berapa banyak orang yang mengakui bahwa mereka menderita HIV jika ditanya oleh pasangan barunya? Berapa banyak orang yang mengakui kehidupan seksual mereka ketika mereka baru mengenal seseorang? Berapa banyak orang yang benar – benar mengetahui status HIV mereka dan status kesehatan orang – orang yang bersama mereka sebelumnya? Sebuah pernyataan “ partner saya tidak mengidap HIV” hanya bisa diterima jika disertai dengan bukti nyata tes HIV negatif. Tanyalah dengan jelas status HIV mereka dan mintalah mereka melakukan tes sebagai bukti.

5. Belum ada obat untuk si pembunuh

 
Meski orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) bisa hidup lebih lama berkat obat antiretroviral, obat ini tidak menyembuhkan. Kalau pun obat-obat ini melindungi dari infeksi opportunistik ini bukanlah “jalan pintas” dari infeksi HIV. Obat ini bahkan menyebabkan efek samping seperti diare, kelelahan berlebihan, kemerahan, mual dan muntah.

Jadi, sebaiknya pikirkanlah dahulu sebelum berbuat terlalu jauh dan merusak masa depan Anda, karena HIV merupakan “silent killer”, si pembunuh senyap yang jelas akan membuat Anda menyesal di masa depan karenanya.


Sumber: health.kompas.com

Kasus AIDS di indonesia

Jumlah Kumulatif 

Penderita AIDS di Indonesia 

18.442 Kasus


Sejak ditemukan tahun 1978, secara kumulatif jumlah kasus AIDS di Indonesia sampai dengan 30 September 2009 sebanyak 18.442 kasus. Selama periode Juli - September 2009 kasus AIDS bertambah sebesar 743 kasus yang tersebar di 32 Propinsi di Indonesia. Jumlah kasus AIDS selama tahun 2009 (Januari-September) sebanyak 2.332 kasus.
Penularan kasus AIDS tertinggi terjadi melalui heteroseksual (49,7%), melalui pengguna napza suntik/Penasun (40,7%), dan homoseksual (3,4%). Proporsi penderita paling banyak ditemukan pada kelompok umur 20-29 tahun (49,57%), disusul kelompok umur 30-39 tahun (29,84%), dan kelompok umur 40-49 tahun (8,71%). Sedangkan berdasarkan Propinsi yang melaporkan, kasus AIDS lebih banyak di Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, DKI Jakarta, Papua, Bali, Kalimantan Barat, Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Utara, Riau, Kepulauan Riau. Jumlah penderita AIDS yang meninggal sekitar 3.708 orang (20,1%).

Demikian laporan triwulan ketiga tahun 2009 Surveilans AIDS Ditjen Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (PP &PL) Depkes.


AIDS

Berdasarkan penelusuran, dari jumlah 18.442 kasus AIDS di Indonesia diketahui persentase berdasarkan jenis kelamin yaitu 74% Laki-laki (13.654 orang), 25,5% Perempuan (4701 orang) dan 0,5% (87 orang) kasus tidak diketahui jenis kelaminnya.

Kasus terbanyak ditemukan di Propinsi Jawa Barat dengan jumlah penderita 3.233 orang. Disusul Provinsi lainnya yaitu Jawa Timur 3.133 orang, DKI Jakarta 2811 orang, Papua 2681 orang, Bali 1506 orang, Kalimantan Barat 730 orang, Jawa Tengah 669 orang, Sumatera Utara 485 orang, Riau 371 orang, dan Kepulauan Riau 333 orang.

Sampai dengan 30 September 2009 rate kumulatif kasus AIDS nasional mencapai 8,15 per 100.000 penduduk (berdasarkan data Biro Pusat Statistik tahun 2006, jumlah penduduk sebanyak 227.132.350 jiwa). Dibandingkan dengan angka nasional, jumlah penderita di Papua mencapai 17,9 kali lipat lebih banyak, disusul Bali 5,3 kali, DKI Jakarta 3,8 kali, Kepulauan Riau 3,4 kali, Kalimantan Barat 2,2 kali, Maluku 1,8 kali, Papua Barat 1,3 kali, Kep. Bangka Belitung 1,4 kali, Riau, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat, dan Sulawesi Utara 1,0 kali angka nasional.

HIV

Secara kumulatif kasus HIV/AIDS sampai Juni 2009 adalah 28.260. Persentase kumulatif infeksi HIV tertinggi berdasarkan kelompok umur yaitu 30-39 tahun (16,49%), kemudian kelompok umur 20-29 tahun (15,41%), dan kelompok umur kurang dari 1 tahun (13,61%). Sedangkan berdasarkan penularan HIV, kasus tertinggi pada pengguna napza suntik/ penasun 52,18%, kelompok waria 25,89%, dan pasangan risiko tinggi 15,83%.

Rate kumulatif infeksi HIV positif tertinggi dilaporkan dari Propinsi DKI Jakarta 40,3%, Banten 29,0%, Kepulauan Riau 22,9%, Bali 20,2%, Papua Barat 19,7%, Jawa Barat 19,2%, Jawa Timur 13,2%, Papua 11,8%, Riau 11,6%, dan DI Yogyakarta 11,1%.

Estimasi populasi rawan tertular HIV di Indonesia tahun 2006 sebesar 193.000. Pada tahun 2014 diproyeksikan jumlah infeksi baru HIV usia 15-49 tahun sebesar 79.200 dan proyeksi untuk ODHA usia 15-49 tahun sebesar 501.400 kasus.

Sampai dengan September 2009 terdapat 13.858 ODHA masih menerima pengobatan ARV (60% dari yang pernah menerima ARV). Jumlah ODHA yang masih dalam pengobatan ARV tertinggi dari Propinsi DKI Jakarta (6.135), Jawa Barat (1.724), Jawa Timur (1.145), Bali (811), Jawa Tengah (436), Papua (433), Sumatera Utara (442), Kalimantan Barat (382), Kepulauan Riau (335), dan Sulawesi Selatan (314).

Angka kematian ODHA menurun dari 46% pada tahun 2006, dan menjadi 17% pada tahun 2008.

Sampai saat ini HIV/AIDS belum ada vaksin maupun obatnya. Obat yang ada (ARV=Anti Retroviral Virus) hanyalah untuk menekan perkembangan virus. Pengobatan HIV/AIDS sangat mahal karena harus diminum seumur hidup. Karena itu, cara yang paling efektif adalah pencegahan yaitu menghindari hubungan seks di luar nikah, bagi kelompok risiko tinggi menggunakan kondom bila berhubungan seks, tidak menggunakan narkoba suntik.

Sumber: Kementerian Kesehatan

Rabu, 30 April 2014

3 Most Common Causes of HIV



HIV Causes




HIV is primarily a sexually transmitted disease but can be contracted in three ways.  All require the exchange of bodily fluids, such as semen, blood, breast milk, or vaginal secretion.

Sexual Transmission

The majority of HIV cases are acquired through unprotected sexual encounters.  The sexual secretion of an infected person can come into contact with the genital, oral, or rectal mucous membrane of another and affect the uninfected partner.  Both heterosexual and homosexual encounters can cause infection, with higher risk to the receptive partner.Anal intercourse has a higher risk of transmitting HIV than vaginal intercourse.

Blood Products

The most common cases of blood transmission of the disease occur primarily amongst intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs, and recipients of blood transfusion.  Sharing or reusing syringes contaminated with infected blood poses a great risk for contracting the virus.  Receiving tattoos with infected needles can also expose participants to the virus.  In regions with substandard medical hygiene, the risk of acquiring HIV through blood is much higher than in more sterile medical environments.

Perinatal Transmission

The transmission of the disease from mother to child can happen at any point during the childbearing process.  It can occur to the fetus in-utero, through an exchange of bodily fluids through the umbilical chord.  It can also occur during childbirth, through the exchange of bodily fluids.  This can be largely avoided through birth by caesarean section, so fluids are kept separate.  Lastly, transmission can occur during breast-feeding as the child consumes the infected mother’s breast milk. 

HIV Facts


HIV Facts:

What You Need to Know



What Is HIV?


The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks your immune system, making you much more susceptible to infections and certain kinds of cancer. HIV can be treated with anti-viral medications and controlled, but currently there’s no cure.
Learn about the risks associated with HIV and how to protect yourself from this potentially fatal virus.



What Are the Statistics?


The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than a million adolescents and adults living in the United States are infected with HIV. Of this number, an estimated 18 percent aren’t aware of their infection and haven’t received a diagnosis. People of all races, ages and sexual orientation can become infected with HIV, although the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)states that gay and bisexual men across all races and ethnicities are most affected by the virus.

Am I at Risk?

The most prevalent risk factor for HIV is havingunprotected sex with someone who is infected with the virus (HIV positive). HIV can be spread through all types of sex, including vaginal, anal, and oral. However, transmission through anal sex is more common than with vaginal or oral sex. 
You’re also at risk for becoming HIV positive if you use intravenous drugs, or have other sexually transmitted diseases that present through open sores.
Men who aren’t circumcised have a higher risk of being infected with HIV by female partners, according to the journal mBio.

How Is HIV Transmitted?

HIV is transmitted through some types of bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal and rectal secretions, and breast milk. All of these fluids may have high concentrations of viral load. Others, such as amniotic and spinal cord fluid, may have the ability to transmit HIV to healthcare workers who are exposed to them, according to the CDC.
Saliva, urine, tears, feces, and vomit do nottransmit HIV unless they’re also mixed with infected blood. Sharing IV drug needles that could be contaminated with infected blood can transmit HIV. 
An infected pregnant mother can give HIV to her unborn child through the placenta or exposure of the child’s mucous membranes to the virus during birth.
Exposure to infected blood products through a transfusion is possible. However, the United States has stringent mechanisms in place to prevent contaminated blood from entering blood banks. Transmission through blood transfusion is now an extremely rare occurrence.

Practice Safe Sex to Prevent HIV


Practicing safe sex plays a major role in protecting yourself against HIV. Use a condom during vaginal, anal and even oral sex—every time—to reduce your risk. Keep the lines of communication open about and during intimacy. Talk to your partner about your and their HIV status to stay informed and aware.
The San Francisco AIDS Foundation explains that being too shy to talk about sex and HIV, or assuming you can tell if a person is HIV positive just by looking are high-risk behaviors.

Protect Yourself from HIV

Sex is not the only way to become infected with HIV, and therefore is not the only way to protect yourself from the virus. Avoid sharing needles for IV. Use a clean needle, or better yet, get help to quit.

If you’re an expectant mom with HIV, seek medical care as soon as you realize you’re pregnant to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to your child. 
Male circumcision has been found to reduce the risk of HIV, according to research published inmBio. If you weren’t circumcised as an infant and fall into a high-risk group, having it done as an adult might lessen your risk.

What Is the Outlook 

for HIV-Positive People?

Decades ago, HIV was a death sentence. People weren’t aware of the risk factors, and there was no treatment. With the advent of anti-viral medications, people can live longer, better lives with HIV. The earlier treatment is administered, the better.
joint study by Harvard University’s Immune Disease Institute and Children’s Hospital Boston showed that patients infected with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) had increased their survival rate by 33 percent when treatment began within two weeks of HIV diagnosis. 
Studies published in the Journal of the American Medical Association report that the five-year survival rate for HIV-positive patients in treatment is approaching the same rate as the uninfected population.

Prevention Is Your Best Weapon


Education, protection and communication are keys to protecting yourself and your loved ones from HIV. Although medical advances have progressed exponentially since the discovery of HIV and AIDS, the virus is still a serious health threat and should be prevented at all costs.








HIV vs AIDS: What's the Difference?


HIV vs AIDS: 

What’s the Difference?



It can be easy to confuse HIV and AIDS. While they are different diagnoses, they do go hand-in-hand and are often used interchangeably to describe a particular disease. HIV is a virus that can lead to a condition called AIDS.

At one time in history, a diagnosis of HIV or AIDS was considered a death sentence. Thanks to research and the development of new treatments, today, people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS are living long, productive lives.



  HIV is a Virus

HIV is a virus and particular exposure to it can lead to infection. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The name describes the virus: it infects humans only and it attacks the immune system, rendering it deficient and unable to work as effectively as it should.  
Unlike many other viruses, our immune systems are unable to attack and completely clear out HIV. No one yet understands why we cannot defeat HIV, but medications can control it very successfully.

AIDS is a Condition


While HIV is a virus that may cause an infection, AIDS is a condition or a syndrome. Being infected with HIV can lead to having AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
AIDS develops when HIV has caused serious damage to the immune system. It is a complex condition with symptoms that vary by individual. Symptoms of AIDS are related to the infections a person develops as a result of having a damaged immune system, unable to fight infections as it would in a healthy individual. These may include tuberculosis, pneumonia, certain types of cancer, and other infections.

HIV Without AIDS


HIV is a virus and AIDS is the condition it may cause. You can have an HIV infection without acquiring AIDS. In fact, many people with HIV live for years without developing AIDS. Thanks to advances in treatment, you can live longer than ever before with an HIV infection.
While you can have an HIV infection without having AIDS, anyone diagnosed with AIDS already necessarily has HIV. Because there is no cure, the HIV infection never goes away, even if AIDS never develops.

HIV Can Be Transmitted 

From Person to Person



HIV is a virus, which means that like other viruses, it can be transmitted between people. This is how infection spreads. AIDS, on the other hand, is a condition that is acquired only after a person has contracted the HIV infection.
The HIV virus is transmitted from one person to another through the exchange of bodily fluids. Most commonly, infection is transmitted through unprotected sex or through using contaminated needles. Less commonly, one can become infected through a tainted blood transfusion or a mother can pass the infection to her child during pregnancy.

HIV Does Not Always Produce Symptoms

HIV usually causes flu-like symptoms about two to four weeks after infection. This period of time is short and is called acute infection. The immune system brings the infection under control, leading to the latency period.

The immune system cannot completely eliminate HIV, but it can control it for a long time. During this latent period, which can last for years, an infected person may experience no symptoms at all. Once AIDS has developed, however, the patient will experience many symptoms of the condition.





HIV Infection 

Can be Diagnosed 

by a Simple Test

When infected with HIV, your immune system produces antibodies against the virus. A blood or saliva test can detect those antibodies and determine if you have been infected with HIV. This test may be effective only several weeks after infection, though.
Another test, which looks for antigens, proteins produced by the virus, can detect HIV just days after infection. Both tests are accurate and easy to administer.

AIDS Diagnosis Is More Complicated

AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection, and there are a few factors that determine when a patient’s diagnosis has crossed from HIV latency to AIDS.
Because HIV destroys immune cells called CD4 cells, one part of the AIDS diagnosis contains a count of those cells. When the cells have dropped to a certain level, an HIV patient is considered to have AIDS. Another factor signaling the AIDS virus is the presence of opportunistic infections. This, too, would serve as a determinant for an AIDS diagnosis.


Treatment and Life Expectancy

Once HIV has developed into AIDS, life expectancy drops significantly. It is difficult to repair the damage to the immune system at this point, and infections secondary to HIV are common. These infections are what become fatal for a person with AIDS.

With today’s treatments for the HIV infection, however, someone can live with the virus for years, and even decades before AIDS develops. Even though one can lead a normal and healthy life while undergoing HIV treatment, it is important to understand that you can still pass the infection to someone else.



















45 WORDS YOU SHOULD KNOW HIV/AIDS





45 WORDS
YOU SHOULD KNOW




1. HIV 1
2. HIV 2
3. PrEP
4. CONCORDANT
5. STIGMA
6. KNOW YOUR STATUS
7. HIV CRIMINALIZATION
8. SEROCONVERSIO
9. FALSE POSITIVE
10. CD4 COUNT

11. NON-COMPLIANCE
12. PREVALENCE
13. AIDS
14. SERONEGATIVE
15. AIDS COCKTAIL
16. SEROSORTING
17. SAFER SEX
18. SEROPOSITIVE
19. SIDE EFFECTS
20. GET TESTED

21. LONG-TERM SURVIVOR
22. MEDS
23. ELISA
24. UNDETECTABLE
25. ACT
26. ARV
27. VIRAL LOAD
28. LIVING WITH HIV
29. TRANSMITTED RESISTANCE
30. ADVERSE EVENT
31. CELIBACY
32. WESTERN BLOT TEST
33. HIV NEUTRAL
34. ACTIVISM
35. ASYMPTOMATIC
36. ADHERENCE
37. MSM
38. FALSE NEGATIVE
39. REGIMEN
40. T-CELL

41. LONGEVITY
42. SERODISCORDANT
43. REDUCING RISK
44. MIXED STATUS
45. EMPOWERMENT








How HIV Affects the Body


How HIV Affects the Body


HIV is unique in its ability to compromise the immune system. Learn how the disease progresses and makes patients susceptible to serious complications.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects the cells of the immune system. In particular, HIV attacks and destroys the T helper lymphocytes, or T-cells, which are crucial to the immune system and immune response. (These cells are also called CD4-positive lymphocytes because HIV uses the protein CD4, present on the surface of the cell, to attach itself and pry its way into the cell.) Each day, your body produces millions of CD4+ T-cells to help maintain your immunity and fight off invading viruses and germs. Once HIV is in your body, the virus is able to copy itself over and over, increasing its ability to kill CD4+ T-cells. Soon, infected cells outnumber healthy T-cells.
The lower a person’s CD4+ T-cell count goes, the more susceptible the person is to viruses and infections that an otherwise healthy body could fight. In the initial stages of the infection, the decline in T-cell count is gradual. The first few months and years after a person is infected, T-cell counts may remain very near normal or only slightly decreased. It’s when T-cell numbers begin to dip dramatically that patients with HIV begin noticing additional, worsening symptoms of the infection.
The Four Stages of HIV
An HIV infection is typically divided into four stages: acute primary infection, clinical latent infection, symptomatic HIV infection, and progression from HIV to AIDS.
Acute Primary Infection
Within the first few weeks of contracting HIV, 70 percent of people will experience flu-like symptoms—fever, headache, upset stomach, and muscle soreness are among the most common initial signs of an HIV infection. A positive diagnosis is possible at this stage, but many will not associate their symptoms with an HIV infection, unaware they have contracted the virus.
During the acute primary infection, HIV-infected cells are circulating throughout the blood system. Your body responds by producing HIV antibodies and cytotoxic lymphocytes (killer T-cells that seek out and destroy invading viruses or bacteria). Two to four weeks after infection, the immune system mounts an attack against the HIV with these antibodies and killer T-cells. HIV levels in the blood will be greatly reduced, and CD4+ T-cell counts rebound slightly.